Java MVC配置案例怎么编写

本文目录导读：

1. 基于XML配置的Spring MVC案例
2. 基于Java注解(无XML)的配置
3. Spring Boot配置(推荐)
4. 关键配置说明

我来为您详细介绍Java MVC配置案例的编写方法，这里以最常用的Spring MVC为例。

基于XML配置的Spring MVC案例

项目结构

src/main/java
├── com.example.controller
│   └── HelloController.java
├── com.example.service
│   └── HelloService.java
src/main/resources
└── spring-mvc.xml
src/main/webapp
├── WEB-INF
│   ├── web.xml
│   └── jsp
│       └── hello.jsp

web.xml配置

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee 
         http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_1.xsd"
         version="3.1">
    <!-- 配置Spring MVC前端控制器 -->
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>springMVC</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
            <param-value>classpath:spring-mvc.xml</param-value>
        </init-param>
        <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
    </servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>springMVC</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    <!-- 字符编码过滤器 -->
    <filter>
        <filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name>
        <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>encoding</param-name>
            <param-value>UTF-8</param-value>
        </init-param>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>forceEncoding</param-name>
            <param-value>true</param-value>
        </init-param>
    </filter>
    <filter-mapping>
        <filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name>
        <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
    </filter-mapping>
</web-app>

spring-mvc.xml配置

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd">
    <!-- 启用Spring MVC注解驱动 -->
    <mvc:annotation-driven />
    <!-- 扫描控制器 -->
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.example.controller" />
    <!-- 配置视图解析器 -->
    <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
        <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/jsp/" />
        <property name="suffix" value=".jsp" />
    </bean>
    <!-- 配置静态资源处理 -->
    <mvc:resources mapping="/static/**" location="/static/" />
</beans>

Controller层

package com.example.controller;
import com.example.service.HelloService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.Model;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/hello")
public class HelloController {
    @Autowired
    private HelloService helloService;
    // GET请求处理
    @GetMapping("/greeting")
    public String greeting(@RequestParam(name = "name", required = false, defaultValue = "World") 
                          String name, Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("message", helloService.sayHello(name));
        return "hello";
    }
    // POST请求处理
    @PostMapping("/user")
    @ResponseBody
    public String createUser(@RequestBody User user) {
        return "User created: " + user.getName();
    }
}

Service层

package com.example.service;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class HelloService {
    public String sayHello(String name) {
        return "Hello, " + name + "!";
    }
}

JSP视图

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>Spring MVC Demo</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>${message}</h1>
    <p>当前时间: ${now}</p>
</body>
</html>

基于Java注解(无XML)的配置

WebAppInitializer.java

import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer;
public class WebAppInitializer extends AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer {
    @Override
    protected Class<?>[] getRootConfigClasses() {
        return new Class[]{RootConfig.class};
    }
    @Override
    protected Class<?>[] getServletConfigClasses() {
        return new Class[]{WebConfig.class};
    }
    @Override
    protected String[] getServletMappings() {
        return new String[]{"/"};
    }
}

WebConfig.java (MVC配置)

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver;
@Configuration
@EnableWebMvc
@ComponentScan("com.example.controller")
public class WebConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {
    // 配置视图解析器
    @Bean
    public InternalResourceViewResolver viewResolver() {
        InternalResourceViewResolver resolver = new InternalResourceViewResolver();
        resolver.setPrefix("/WEB-INF/jsp/");
        resolver.setSuffix(".jsp");
        return resolver;
    }
    // 配置静态资源处理
    @Override
    public void configureDefaultServletHandling(DefaultServletHandlerConfigurer configurer) {
        configurer.enable();
    }
    // 配置拦截器
    @Override
    public void addInterceptors(InterceptorRegistry registry) {
        registry.addInterceptor(new MyInterceptor())
                .addPathPatterns("/**")
                .excludePathPatterns("/static/**");
    }
    // 配置CORS跨域
    @Override
    public void addCorsMappings(CorsRegistry registry) {
        registry.addMapping("/api/**")
                .allowedOrigins("http://localhost:3000")
                .allowedMethods("GET", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE")
                .allowedHeaders("*");
    }
    // 配置视图控制器（简化的页面跳转）
    @Override
    public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
        registry.addViewController("/login").setViewName("login");
    }
}

RootConfig.java (根配置)

import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.FilterType;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.EnableWebMvc;
@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.example",
               excludeFilters = {
                   @ComponentScan.Filter(type = FilterType.ANNOTATION, 
                                        value = EnableWebMvc.class)
               })
public class RootConfig {
    // 配置Service、Repository等非Web组件
}

自定义拦截器

import org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerInterceptor;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
public class MyInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor {
    @Override
    public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest request, 
                            HttpServletResponse response, 
                            Object handler) throws Exception {
        // 请求处理前
        System.out.println("请求路径: " + request.getRequestURI());
        return true; // 继续执行
    }
    @Override
    public void afterCompletion(HttpServletRequest request, 
                               HttpServletResponse response, 
                               Object handler, 
                               Exception ex) throws Exception {
        // 请求完成后
    }
}

Spring Boot配置(推荐)

pom.xml依赖

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId>
</dependency>

application.yml配置

spring:
  mvc:
    view:
      prefix: /WEB-INF/jsp/
      suffix: .jsp
    static-path-pattern: /static/**
  datasource:
    url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydb
    username: root
    password: 123456
  # Thymeleaf配置（如果使用Thymeleaf）
  thymeleaf:
    prefix: classpath:/templates/
    suffix: .html
    mode: HTML5
    encoding: UTF-8

启动类

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
@SpringBootApplication
public class Application {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
    }
}

关键配置说明

1. 视图解析器: 配置JSP或其他模板引擎的路径前缀和后缀
2. 静态资源: 配置CSS、JS等静态资源访问路径
3. 拦截器: 实现登录验证、日志记录等横切关注点
4. 数据校验: 使用@Valid和BindingResult进行参数校验
5. 异常处理: 使用@ControllerAdvice统一处理异常

根据项目需求选择合适的配置方式,Spring Boot推荐使用注解配置，简化开发流程。