Java SpringMVC案例如何入门

wen java案例 2026-06-30 23

本文目录导读：

📋 环境准备
🏗️ 项目结构
🔧 核心配置
💻 创建控制器和视图
🚀 运行测试
📚 核心注解说明
🎯 进阶学习方向
⚠️ 常见问题解决

我来为你提供一个Java SpringMVC的快速入门指南，从环境搭建到第一个案例。

📋 环境准备

开发工具

IDE: IntelliJ IDEA 或 Eclipse
JDK: 1.8+
Maven: 3.6+
服务器: Tomcat 8+

创建Maven项目

在pom.xml中添加核心依赖：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 
         http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>springmvc-demo</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>war</packaging>
    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>1.8</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>1.8</maven.compiler.target>
        <spring.version>5.3.20</spring.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <!-- Spring MVC -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
            <version>${spring.version}</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- Servlet API -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
            <artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
            <version>4.0.1</version>
            <scope>provided</scope>
        </dependency>
        <!-- JSTL -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
            <artifactId>jstl</artifactId>
            <version>1.2</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</project>

🏗️ 项目结构

springmvc-demo/
├── src/
│   └── main/
│       ├── java/
│       │   └── com/example/
│       │       └── controller/
│       │           └── HelloController.java
│       ├── webapp/
│       │   ├── WEB-INF/
│       │   │   ├── web.xml
│       │   │   └── views/
│       │   │       └── hello.jsp
│       │   └── index.jsp
│       └── resources/
│           └── springmvc-servlet.xml
└── pom.xml

🔧 核心配置

web.xml配置

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee 
         http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
         version="4.0">
    <!-- 配置SpringMVC DispatcherServlet -->
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>springmvc</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
            <param-value>classpath:springmvc-servlet.xml</param-value>
        </init-param>
        <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
    </servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>springmvc</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    <!-- 配置字符编码过滤器 -->
    <filter>
        <filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name>
        <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>encoding</param-name>
            <param-value>UTF-8</param-value>
        </init-param>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>forceEncoding</param-name>
            <param-value>true</param-value>
        </init-param>
    </filter>
    <filter-mapping>
        <filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name>
        <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
    </filter-mapping>
</web-app>

SpringMVC配置文件 (springmvc-servlet.xml)

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd">
    <!-- 扫描控制器包 -->
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.example.controller"/>
    <!-- 开启SpringMVC注解支持 -->
    <mvc:annotation-driven/>
    <!-- 配置视图解析器 -->
    <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
        <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/views/"/>
        <property name="suffix" value=".jsp"/>
    </bean>
    <!-- 配置静态资源处理 -->
    <mvc:default-servlet-handler/>
</beans>

💻 创建控制器和视图

控制器类 (HelloController.java)

package com.example.controller;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.Model;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
@Controller
public class HelloController {
    // 简单返回视图
    @RequestMapping("/hello")
    public String hello(Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("message", "Hello Spring MVC!");
        return "hello";
    }
    // 带参数请求
    @RequestMapping("/greet")
    public String greet(@RequestParam(value = "name", defaultValue = "Guest") String name, 
                       Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("message", "Hello, " + name + "!");
        return "hello";
    }
    // RESTful风格参数
    @RequestMapping("/user/{id}")
    public String getUser(@PathVariable("id") Integer id, Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("message", "User ID: " + id);
        return "hello";
    }
    // 返回JSON数据 (需要Jackson依赖)
    @RequestMapping("/api/user")
    @ResponseBody
    public User getUserJson() {
        return new User(1, "张三", "zhangsan@example.com");
    }
    // 列表数据展示
    @RequestMapping("/users")
    public String listUsers(Model model) {
        List<User> users = new ArrayList<>();
        users.add(new User(1, "张三", "zhangsan@example.com"));
        users.add(new User(2, "李四", "lisi@example.com"));
        users.add(new User(3, "王五", "wangwu@example.com"));
        model.addAttribute("users", users);
        return "userList";
    }
    // 使用ModelAndView
    @RequestMapping("/modelview")
    public ModelAndView modelAndView() {
        ModelAndView mv = new ModelAndView("hello");
        mv.addObject("message", "This is ModelAndView example");
        return mv;
    }
    // 内部类 - 用户实体
    static class User {
        private int id;
        private String name;
        private String email;
        public User(int id, String name, String email) {
            this.id = id;
            this.name = name;
            this.email = email;
        }
        // Getters and Setters
        public int getId() { return id; }
        public void setId(int id) { this.id = id; }
        public String getName() { return name; }
        public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }
        public String getEmail() { return email; }
        public void setEmail(String email) { this.email = email; }
    }
}

JSP视图文件

hello.jsp

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>Spring MVC Demo</title>
    <style>
        body {
            font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
            margin: 50px;
            text-align: center;
        }
        .message {
            color: #2c3e50;
            font-size: 24px;
            margin: 20px;
        }
        .link {
            display: inline-block;
            margin: 10px;
            padding: 10px 20px;
            background-color: #3498db;
            color: white;
            text-decoration: none;
            border-radius: 5px;
        }
        .link:hover {
            background-color: #2980b9;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Spring MVC 入门案例</h1>
    <div class="message">${message}</div>
    <div>
        <h3>测试链接：</h3>
        <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/hello" class="link">Hello</a>
        <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/greet?name=SpringMVC" class="link">Greet</a>
        <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/user/123" class="link">User ID</a>
        <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/users" class="link">用户列表</a>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

userList.jsp

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c" %>
<html>
<head>用户列表</title>
    <style>
        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin: 50px; }
        table { 
            border-collapse: collapse; 
            width: 60%; 
            margin: 20px auto; 
        }
        th, td { 
            border: 1px solid #ddd; 
            padding: 12px; 
            text-align: left; 
        }
        th { background-color: #3498db; color: white; }
        tr:nth-child(even) { background-color: #f2f2f2; }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <h2 style="text-align: center;">用户列表</h2>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>ID</th>
            <th>姓名</th>
            <th>邮箱</th>
        </tr>
        <c:forEach items="${users}" var="user">
            <tr>
                <td>${user.id}</td>
                <td>${user.name}</td>
                <td>${user.email}</td>
            </tr>
        </c:forEach>
    </table>
    <div style="text-align: center;">
        <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/hello" class="link">返回首页</a>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

🚀 运行测试

配置Tomcat

运行配置 → 添加 Tomcat Server
Deployment 中选择你的项目
Application context 设置为 /springmvc-demo

访问测试

# 基本测试
http://localhost:8080/springmvc-demo/hello
# 带参数测试
http://localhost:8080/springmvc-demo/greet?name=张三
# RESTful风格
http://localhost:8080/springmvc-demo/user/100
# 列表展示
http://localhost:8080/springmvc-demo/users

📚 核心注解说明

注解	用途
`@Controller`	标记为控制器类
`@RequestMapping`	映射请求路径
`@RequestParam`	获取请求参数
`@PathVariable`	获取RESTful路径变量
`@ResponseBody`	直接返回数据（不解析视图）
`@ModelAttribute`	绑定模型数据

🎯 进阶学习方向

数据验证: 使用 @Valid 和 @NotBlank 等注解
拦截器: 实现 HandlerInterceptor 接口
异常处理: 使用 @ControllerAdvice + @ExceptionHandler
国际化: 配置 LocaleResolver 和消息资源文件
文件上传: 配置 MultipartResolver
RESTful API: 使用 @RestController + 状态码处理

⚠️ 常见问题解决

403错误：检查静态资源配置 404错误：检查视图路径和请求映射 乱码问题：确保编码过滤器配置正确 Java版本冲突：检查Maven依赖版本兼容性

这个入门案例包含了SpringMVC的核心要素：控制器、请求映射、参数处理、视图解析和JSTL标签库的使用，掌握这些基础后，你就可以开始构建更复杂的Web应用了！