如何写接口请求测试脚本

本文目录导读：

1. 使用 Python + requests（最常用）
2. 使用 JavaScript/Node.js + axios
3. 测试框架版（pytest + requests）
4. 完整的测试工具类
5. 使用 curl 命令行测试
6. 推荐的最佳实践

我来帮你编写接口请求测试脚本,包含常用的几种方式：

使用 Python + requests（最常用）

基础示例

import requests
import json
# GET 请求
def test_get():
    url = "https://api.example.com/users"
    headers = {
        "Authorization": "Bearer your_token",
        "Content-Type": "application/json"
    }
    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
    print(f"状态码: {response.status_code}")
    print(f"响应内容: {response.text}")
    print(f"JSON数据: {response.json()}")
    # 断言
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert response.json()["code"] == 0
# POST 请求
def test_post():
    url = "https://api.example.com/login"
    data = {
        "username": "admin",
        "password": "123456"
    }
    response = requests.post(url, json=data)
    result = response.json()
    print(result)
    assert result["message"] == "success"
# 带参数的请求
def test_with_params():
    url = "https://api.example.com/search"
    params = {
        "keyword": "python",
        "page": 1,
        "size": 10
    }
    response = requests.get(url, params=params)
    return response.json()

使用 JavaScript/Node.js + axios

const axios = require('axios');
// GET 请求
async function testGet() {
    try {
        const response = await axios.get('https://api.example.com/users', {
            headers: {
                'Authorization': 'Bearer your_token'
            },
            params: {
                page: 1,
                limit: 10
            }
        });
        console.log('状态码:', response.status);
        console.log('数据:', response.data);
    } catch (error) {
        console.error('请求失败:', error.message);
    }
}
// POST 请求
async function testPost() {
    try {
        const response = await axios.post('https://api.example.com/login', {
            username: 'admin',
            password: '123456'
        });
        console.log(response.data);
    } catch (error) {
        console.error(error.response.data);
    }
}

测试框架版（pytest + requests）

import pytest
import requests
class TestAPI:
    base_url = "https://api.example.com"
    def setup_method(self):
        # 测试前置
        self.session = requests.Session()
        self.session.headers.update({
            "Content-Type": "application/json"
        })
    def test_login_success(self):
        """测试登录成功"""
        url = f"{self.base_url}/login"
        data = {
            "username": "admin",
            "password": "123456"
        }
        response = self.session.post(url, json=data)
        result = response.json()
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert result["code"] == 0
        assert "token" in result["data"]
        # 保存token供后续使用
        self.token = result["data"]["token"]
    def test_get_user_info(self):
        """测试获取用户信息"""
        url = f"{self.base_url}/user/info"
        headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {self.token}"}
        response = self.session.get(url, headers=headers)
        assert response.status_code == 200
        user_info = response.json()
        assert user_info["username"] == "admin"
    def test_create_user(self):
        """测试创建用户"""
        url = f"{self.base_url}/users"
        data = {
            "name": "new_user",
            "email": "new@example.com"
        }
        response = self.session.post(url, json=data)
        assert response.status_code == 201
        assert response.json()["id"] > 0
    def test_file_upload(self):
        """测试文件上传"""
        url = f"{self.base_url}/upload"
        files = {
            "file": ("test.txt", "Hello World", "text/plain")
        }
        response = self.session.post(url, files=files)
        assert response.status_code == 200
# 运行测试
if __name__ == "__main__":
    pytest.main(["-v", "-s", "test_api.py"])

完整的测试工具类

import requests
import json
import logging
from typing import Dict, Any
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
class APITestClient:
    def __init__(self, base_url: str, token: str = None):
        self.base_url = base_url
        self.session = requests.Session()
        self.session.headers.update({
            "Content-Type": "application/json"
        })
        if token:
            self.session.headers.update({
                "Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"
            })
    def request(self, method: str, endpoint: str, 
                data: Dict = None, params: Dict = None,
                headers: Dict = None, files: Dict = None) -> Dict:
        """统一的请求方法"""
        url = f"{self.base_url}{endpoint}"
        logger.info(f"请求: {method} {url}")
        logger.info(f"参数: {data or params}")
        try:
            response = self.session.request(
                method=method,
                url=url,
                json=data,
                params=params,
                headers=headers,
                files=files,
                timeout=30
            )
            logger.info(f"状态码: {response.status_code}")
            logger.info(f"响应: {response.text[:200]}...")
            return {
                "status_code": response.status_code,
                "headers": dict(response.headers),
                "data": response.json() if response.text else {}
            }
        except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
            logger.error(f"请求失败: {e}")
            return {"error": str(e)}
    def get(self, endpoint: str, **kwargs) -> Dict:
        return self.request("GET", endpoint, **kwargs)
    def post(self, endpoint: str, **kwargs) -> Dict:
        return self.request("POST", endpoint, **kwargs)
    def put(self, endpoint: str, **kwargs) -> Dict:
        return self.request("PUT", endpoint, **kwargs)
    def delete(self, endpoint: str, **kwargs) -> Dict:
        return self.request("DELETE", endpoint, **kwargs)
# 使用示例
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # 初始化客户端
    client = APITestClient("https://api.example.com")
    # 登录
    login_result = client.post("/login", data={
        "username": "admin",
        "password": "123456"
    })
    if login_result["status_code"] == 200:
        token = login_result["data"]["token"]
        print(f"获取到token: {token}")
    else:
        print(f"登录失败: {login_result}")

使用 curl 命令行测试

# GET 请求
curl -X GET 'https://api.example.com/users' \
     -H 'Authorization: Bearer your-token' \
     -H 'Content-Type: application/json'
# POST 请求
curl -X POST 'https://api.example.com/login' \
     -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
     -d '{"username":"admin","password":"123456"}'
# 带参数的 GET 请求
curl -X GET 'https://api.example.com/search?keyword=python&page=1' \
     -H 'Authorization: Bearer your-token'
# 文件上传
curl -X POST 'https://api.example.com/upload' \
     -F 'file=@test.txt'

推荐的最佳实践

1. 错误处理：始终添加异常处理
2. 日志记录：记录请求和响应信息
3. 参数配置：使用配置文件管理URL、token等
4. 断言验证：对响应状态码和内容做验证
5. 数据清理：测试完成后清理测试数据

需要哪种方式的更详细示例？