Python案例如何用Pillow绘制几何图形

wen python案例 2026-07-16 187

本文目录导读：

安装Pillow
基础案例：绘制基本几何图形
中级案例：绘制棋盘格
高级案例：绘制雷达图
实用案例：绘制柱状图
创意案例：绘制雪花图案
综合案例：绘制仪表盘

我来介绍如何使用Pillow库绘制几何图形,包含多个实用的案例。

安装Pillow

pip install Pillow

基础案例：绘制基本几何图形

from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
# 创建一个新图像
width, height = 500, 400
image = Image.new('RGB', (width, height), (255, 255, 255))
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image)
# 1. 绘制直线
draw.line([(50, 50), (200, 50)], fill='red', width=3)
draw.line([(50, 50), (50, 200)], fill='blue', width=3)
# 2. 绘制矩形
draw.rectangle([(250, 50), (400, 150)], fill='yellow', outline='black', width=2)
# 3. 绘制圆角矩形
draw.rounded_rectangle([(50, 250), (200, 350)], radius=20, fill='lightblue', outline='blue', width=2)
# 4. 绘制椭圆/圆
draw.ellipse([(250, 250), (400, 350)], fill='lightgreen', outline='green', width=2)
# 5. 绘制多边形（三角形）
draw.polygon([(400, 50), (450, 150), (350, 150)], fill='orange', outline='red', width=2)
# 6. 绘制扇形（饼图切片）
draw.pieslice([(300, 200), (450, 350)], start=-30, end=120, fill='pink', outline='purple', width=2)
# 7. 绘制弧线
draw.arc([(50, 50), (200, 200)], start=0, end=180, fill='darkblue', width=3)
# 8. 绘制弦（弧的端点相连）
draw.chord([(150, 50), (300, 200)], start=0, end=180, fill='lightcoral', outline='red', width=2)
# 9. 绘制点
for i in range(5, 50, 10):
    draw.point([(i, 300)], fill='purple')
image.save('basic_shapes.png')
image.show()

中级案例：绘制棋盘格

from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
def draw_chessboard(size=8, cell_size=50):
    # 计算图像大小
    img_size = size * cell_size
    image = Image.new('RGB', (img_size, img_size), (255, 255, 255))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image)
    # 绘制棋盘格
    for row in range(size):
        for col in range(size):
            x0 = col * cell_size
            y0 = row * cell_size
            x1 = x0 + cell_size
            y1 = y0 + cell_size
            # 交替颜色
            if (row + col) % 2 == 0:
                draw.rectangle([x0, y0, x1, y1], fill=(238, 238, 210))  # 浅色
            else:
                draw.rectangle([x0, y0, x1, y1], fill=(139, 90, 43))     # 深色
    return image
# 生成棋盘格
chessboard = draw_chessboard(8, 60)
chessboard.save('chessboard.png')
chessboard.show()

高级案例：绘制雷达图

from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
import math
def draw_radar_chart(data, labels, size=400):
    image = Image.new('RGB', (size, size), (255, 255, 255))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image)
    center_x = center_y = size // 2
    radius = size // 2 - 20
    # 数据点数
    n = len(data)
    angle_step = 2 * math.pi / n
    # 绘制网格线
    for i in range(1, 6):
        r = radius * i / 5
        points = []
        for j in range(n):
            angle = -math.pi/2 + j * angle_step  # 从顶部开始
            x = center_x + r * math.cos(angle)
            y = center_y + r * math.sin(angle)
            points.append((x, y))
        draw.polygon(points, outline='lightgray', width=1)
    # 绘制轴标签线
    for i in range(n):
        angle = -math.pi/2 + i * angle_step
        x = center_x + radius * math.cos(angle)
        y = center_y + radius * math.sin(angle)
        draw.line([(center_x, center_y), (x, y)], fill='gray', width=1)
        # 添加标签
        label_x = center_x + (radius + 20) * math.cos(angle)
        label_y = center_y + (radius + 20) * math.sin(angle)
        draw.text((label_x - 20, label_y - 10), labels[i], fill='black')
    # 绘制数据
    points = []
    for i in range(n):
        angle = -math.pi/2 + i * angle_step
        r = radius * data[i] / 100  # 假设数据是0-100的值
        x = center_x + r * math.cos(angle)
        y = center_y + r * math.sin(angle)
        points.append((x, y))
    draw.polygon(points, fill=(100, 200, 100, 80), outline='green', width=2)
    return image
# 使用示例：绘制能力雷达图
data = [80, 60, 90, 85, 70, 95, 75]  # 各项能力值
labels = ['Python', 'Java', '算法', '数据库', '前端', '网络', '系统管理']
radar = draw_radar_chart(data, labels, 500)
radar.save('radar_chart.png')
radar.show()

实用案例：绘制柱状图

from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
def draw_bar_chart(data, title="柱状图"):
    width, height = 600, 400
    margin = 80
    image = Image.new('RGB', (width, height), (255, 255, 255))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image)
    # 计算柱状图参数
    bar_count = len(data)
    bar_width = (width - 2 * margin) // bar_count
    max_value = max(data.values()) if data else 1
    # 标题
    draw.text((width//2 - 50, 10), title, fill='black')
    # 绘制坐标轴
    draw.line([(margin, height - margin), (width - margin, height - margin)], fill='black', width=2)  # X轴
    draw.line([(margin, margin), (margin, height - margin)], fill='black', width=2)  # Y轴
    # 绘制柱子
    colors = ['#FF6B6B', '#4ECDC4', '#45B7D1', '#96CEB4', '#FFEAA7', '#DDA0DD', '#98D8C8']
    for i, (label, value) in enumerate(data.items()):
        x0 = margin + i * bar_width + 10
        y0 = height - margin - (value / max_value) * (height - 2 * margin)
        x1 = x0 + bar_width - 20
        y1 = height - margin
        # 画柱子
        draw.rectangle([x0, y0, x1, y1], fill=colors[i % len(colors)], outline='black')
        # 添加数值标签
        draw.text((x0 + 5, y0 - 20), str(value), fill='black')
        # 添加横轴标签
        draw.text((x0 - 5, height - margin + 5), label, fill='black')
    return image
# 使用示例
sales_data = {
    '一月': 85,
    '二月': 120,
    '三月': 95,
    '四月': 110,
    '五月': 130,
    '六月': 145
}
chart = draw_bar_chart(sales_data, "月度销售数据")
chart.save('bar_chart.png')
chart.show()

创意案例：绘制雪花图案

from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
import math
def draw_snowflake(size=400, depth=3):
    image = Image.new('RGB', (size, size), (20, 30, 50))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image)
    center = (size // 2, size // 2)
    length = size // 3
    def draw_branch(start, end, level):
        if level == 0:
            return
        # 绘制主线
        draw.line([start, end], fill='white', width=2)
        # 计算分支角度
        angle = math.atan2(end[1] - start[1], end[0] - start[0])
        branch_length = length / (3 - level + 1)
        # 绘制分支
        for i in [1, -1]:  # 左右两个分支
            branch_angle = angle + i * math.pi / 3
            branch_end = (
                end[0] + branch_length * math.cos(branch_angle),
                end[1] + branch_length * math.sin(branch_angle)
            )
            if level > 1:
                draw_branch(end, branch_end, level - 1)
            else:
                draw.line([end, branch_end], fill='white', width=2)
    # 生成6个主分支
    for i in range(6):
        angle = i * math.pi / 3
        end = (
            center[0] + length * math.cos(angle),
            center[1] + length * math.sin(angle)
        )
        draw_branch(center, end, depth)
    # 添加中心装饰
    draw.ellipse([center[0]-10, center[1]-10, center[0]+10, center[1]+10], 
                 fill='lightblue', outline='white')
    return image
# 生成雪花
snowflake = draw_snowflake(500, 3)
snowflake.save('snowflake.png')
snowflake.show()

综合案例：绘制仪表盘

from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
import math
def draw_gauge(value=75, title="仪表盘"):
    size = 300
    image = Image.new('RGB', (size, size), (255, 255, 255))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image)
    center = (size // 2, size // 2)
    radius = size // 2 - 30
    # 绘制半圆刻度带
    for i in range(0, 181, 30):
        angle = math.radians(i - 180)  # 从左边开始
        start_angle = math.radians(i - 180 + 2)  # 稍向内偏移
        end_angle = math.radians(i - 180 + 28)
        # 绘制刻度线
        inner_r = radius - 10
        outer_r = radius
        inner_x = center[0] + inner_r * math.cos(angle)
        inner_y = center[1] + inner_r * math.sin(angle)
        outer_x = center[0] + outer_r * math.cos(angle)
        outer_y = center[1] + outer_r * math.sin(angle)
        draw.line([(inner_x, inner_y), (outer_x, outer_y)], fill='blue', width=3)
        # 添加刻度标签
        label_r = radius + 15
        label_x = center[0] + label_r * math.cos(angle)
        label_y = center[1] + label_r * math.sin(angle)
        draw.text((label_x - 10, label_y - 10), str(i), fill='black')
    # 绘制彩色弧度区域
    colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'red']
    for i, color in enumerate(colors):
        start = -180 + i * 60
        end = -180 + (i + 1) * 60
        draw.arc([center[0]-radius, center[1]-radius, 
                  center[0]+radius, center[1]+radius], 
                  start, end, fill=color, width=5)
    # 绘制指针
    value_angle = math.radians(value * 180 / 100 - 180)
    pointer_length = radius - 20
    pointer_x = center[0] + pointer_length * math.cos(value_angle)
    pointer_y = center[1] + pointer_length * math.sin(value_angle)
    draw.line([center, (pointer_x, pointer_y)], fill='red', width=3)
    # 添加中心圆
    draw.ellipse([center[0]-8, center[1]-8, center[0]+8, center[1]+8], 
                 fill='darkred')
    # 添加标题
    draw.text((size//2 - 30, 10), title, fill='black')
    return image
# 使用示例
gauge = draw_gauge(65, "CPU使用率")
gauge.save('gauge.png')
gauge.show()

这些案例涵盖了Pillow绘制几何图形的主要功能，从基础到高级,可以应用在各种不同的场景中。

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